Ikibanza n'uburebure bwa tunnel byatoranijwe hashingiwe ku bipimo by'inzira, ku butaka, imiterere ya geologiya, n'ibindi bintu.Amahitamo menshi agomba kugereranywa no guhitamo inzira.Igenamiterere rya tunel zifasha hamwe no guhumeka bikora bigomba gutekerezwa kumurongo muremure.Guhitamo aho umuryango winjirira bigomba gushingira kumiterere ya geologiya.Reba ituze ryimisozi ihanamye kandi ihanamye kugirango wirinde gusenyuka.
Uburebure burebure bwibice birebire byashushanyije kumurongo wo hagati wa tunel bigomba kubahiriza imipaka igabanya umurongo.Bitewe n'ubushuhe buri imbere muri tunnel, coefficente ya adhesion hagati yiziga na gari ya moshi iragabanuka, kandi ikirere cya gari ya moshi kiyongera.Kubwibyo, uburebure burebure bugomba kugabanuka muri tunel ndende.Imiterere yumusozi muremure usanga ahanini ari umusozi umwe hamwe na herringbone.Umusozi umwe ufasha kugera ku butumburuke, mu gihe umusozi wa herringbone woroshye mu kuvoma no kubaka imyanda.Kugirango byorohereze amazi, byibuze uburebure bwa metero ndende ni 2 ‰ kugeza 3 ‰.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyambukiranya umuhanda cyerekana imiterere yimbere yumurongo, ikorwa hashingiwe kumupaka wubatswe wa tunnel udatera.Iyubakwa ry’imyubakire y’Ubushinwa igabanijwemo ubwoko bubiri: igice gikurura moteri ya moteri na mazutu hamwe n’igice gikurura amashanyarazi, buri kimwekimwe kikaba kigabanijwemo igice kimwe cy’umurongo umwe.Imbere yimbere yumurongo muri rusange igizwe ninkingi zakozwe nuruziga rumwe cyangwa eshatu rwagati hamwe nurukuta rugororotse cyangwa rugoramye.Ongeraho inyongera yinyongera muri geologiya yoroshye.Agace k'imbere kari hejuru yubuso bwumuhanda umwe wa metero kare 27-32, naho umuhanda wa kaburimbo ebyiri ni metero kare 58-67.Mu bice bigoramye, bitewe nimpamvu nko guhinduranya ibinyabiziga byo mu kirere cyo hejuru cyane, igice cyambukiranya kigomba kwagurwa neza.Uburebure bwimbere bwimbere ya gari ya moshi zifite amashanyarazi bugomba kwiyongera kubera guhagarika imiyoboro ihuza nibindi bintu.Ibipimo bya kontour bikoreshwa mu Bushinwa, Amerika, na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti ni: umuyoboro umwe w’umuhanda ufite uburebure bwa metero 6,6-7.0 n'ubugari bwa metero 4,9-5,6;Uburebure bwa kaburimbo ebyiri ni metero 7.2-8.0, n'ubugari ni metero 8.8-10.6.Mugihe wubaka imirongo ibiri imwe kumurongo wa gari ya moshi ebyiri, intera iri hagati yinzira igomba gutekereza ku ngaruka zo gukwirakwiza ingufu za geologiya.Umuyoboro wamabuye ufite uburebure bwa metero 20-25, kandi umuyoboro wubutaka ugomba kwagurwa muburyo bukwiye.
Hariho ubwoko bune bwa tunel zifasha mugushushanya tunel zifasha: shitingi yegamye, shitingi ihagaritse, tunone igereranya, hamwe na tunel zinyuranye.Uruzitiro ruhengamye ni umuyoboro ucukurwa ahantu heza ku musozi hafi y'umurongo wo hagati kandi ugana ku muyoboro munini.Inguni ihindagurika ya shaft ihindagurika muri rusange iri hagati ya 18 ° na 27 °, kandi ikazamurwa na winch.Igice cyambukiranya uruzitiro rusanzwe ni urukiramende, rufite ubuso bwa metero kare 8-14.Uruzitiro ruhagaritse ni umuyoboro wacukuwe uhagaritse hafi yumurongo wo hagati wumusozi, ugana kumurongo munini.Ikirere cyacyo gishobora kuba kumurongo wa gari ya moshi cyangwa kuruhande rumwe rwagati (nko muri metero 20 uvuye kumurongo).Igice cyambukiranya uruziga ruhagaritse ahanini ni umuzenguruko, hamwe na diameter y'imbere ya metero 4.5-6.0.Umuyoboro wa pilote uringaniye ni mato mato mato mato mato yacukuwe muri metero 17-25 uvuye hagati yumurongo wa tunnel, uhujwe numuyoboro unyuze mumirongo ihanamye, kandi urashobora no gukoreshwa nkumurongo wicyitegererezo kugirango uzaguke mumurongo wa kabiri.Kuva hubakwa umuhanda wa gari ya moshi wa Liangfengya kuri gari ya moshi ya Sichuan Guizhou mu 1957 mu Bushinwa, hafi 80% ya 58 ya toni 58 zirenga kilometero 3 zubatswe hamwe n’icyerekezo kibangikanye.Hengdong ni agace gato gafunguye ahantu heza kuruhande rwikibaya hafi yumusozi.
Mubyongeyeho, igishushanyo mbonera kirimo igishushanyo mbonera, uburyo bwo gucukura, no guhitamo ubwoko bwimirongo.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-06-2024
